Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh, literally meaning the Уcentral regionФ is often known as the heart of India. Endowed with rich and diverse forests, Madhya Pradesh is a reservoir of Biodiversity, the home to National parks and Natural Reserves and a watershed of a number of rivers including the Narmada and the Tapti. Madhya PradeshТs Natural Heritage welcomes visitors to nine national parks including Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Waterfalls at Jabalpur, beautiful forest Eco systems and Natural Reserves such as Amarkantak, Bagh Caves and Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
The cultural heritage of many religions is well represented in this predominantly Hindi speaking state. Innumerable monuments, exquisitely carved temples, stupas, forts and palaces on hilltops bring to mind visions of empires and kingdoms, of the great warriors and builders, poets and musicians, saints and philosophers; of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Islam. Some are the Lakshmana Temple, Devi Jagdambi Temple, The Sanchi Stupa and Masoleum on the banks of the Betwa River. The Khajuraho Group of monuments along with Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka are among declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Madhya Pradesh has an extensive railway network and a good road network connecting almost all parts of the state. The state has two international airports, one in Indore and another in the state capital Bhopal and three domestic airports at Gwalior, Khajuraho and Jabalpur. The climate is characterized by hot and dry summers, a varied rainy season over different parts of the state and pleasant winters.

Agahiya: A new Sufi Order at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

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In despair, when I came out of the inner sanctum sanctorum, my eyes fell on the outer wall of the main dargah. There were two marble plates fixed on the walls on which the life story of the Shaikh was inscribed. Hazrat was born in Lucknow, in a family that had migrated to India from Iran. His grandfather and father were given the positions of responsibilities in the government of those times and they soon had become part of the elite class of Lucknow. Hazrat was born with a fire of longing in his heart to know almighty and was always searching for knowledge by going to one teacher to another. During such exercise, he came to know about a Sufi Shaikh Shah Maqsus Alam residing in the town of Banda. In the tender age of 13 years, he left the comforts of his home surreptitiously and went to Banda and became the disciple of Shaikh Shah Maqsus Alam. There he acquired spiritual and worldly education. After the demise of the shaikh, he went to Bareilly to become the disciple of Hazrat Tajul-Aulia Shah Nizamuddin Hussain (R.A.). Though later he got married and had children, but his life was totally dedicated to the Sufi ways and traditions. During the first war of Independence, Hazrat Meerja Agah came to Jabalpur. There he established his Sufi tradition called тАЬAgahiya OrderтАЭ and in 1918 AD, he went for his heavenly abode.\

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An evening with River Narmada: Gwari Ghat, Jabalpur

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But deep down in my heart, I knew that I had chosen for that boat ride not because of my friend, but because of the Narmada. And, the Narmada never fails. It was she, who was nursing me while I sat heads down at the Gwari Ghat. It was she, who persuaded me to cross her so as to uplift me from a very deep guilt. If that being so, it was not possible that she would be letting me stand on the other side of the Ghat for the night. While, I was brooding over all that, suddenly we saw a boat crossing past us. We shouted for help, but he did not stop and went past sailing over the water. My friend lost his control and started cursing the boatman, both who had left us stranded and also who had sailed past us.
Half an hour or so more again passed with no means to go to the other side. The fear of being stranded on the dark ghats in the night was started as a test against the patience and the faith towards Narmada. Just in time, when the faith and the impatience started to rumble in the mind, we saw a boatman sailing towards us from the other bank. Gradually, the blurred image of the boatman became crystal clear. He was тАЬour boatmanтАЭ, with his boat.

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A train journey to Sanskardhani (Jabalpur)

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One of the doyens of Hindi Movies, Prem Nath, also belonged to the Sanskardhani. He had once built a cinema hall in the heart of the city, which was named as тАЬEmpire TheatreтАЭ. From outdoor screening of the film to cinema halls and now to multiplexes, there is a great history of the growth of Indian cinema. But I still carry a fascination with the old cinema halls. So, after coming out of the Jabalpur Station, I went to a crossing where the old building of that Empire Cinema was situated. It was completely in ruins. I felt much attached with the Empire cinema and climbed up the fallen bricks to see it from inside. I was astonished to find that the speakers were still clinging to those walls. In its heydays, that hall must be the cultural hub of the Sanskardhani, graced by the likes of Raj Kapoor, Nargis and Prem Nath.

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A visit to Kalakund near Indore, the birth-place of legendary Indian sweet

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Then came the most awaited phase of the trip. The Patalpani тАУ Kalakund ghat section. One could feel the extreme beauty of it complimented by the railways. The tunnels, viaducts and being surrounded by lush green mountain ranges mesmerised the passengers. I would recommend this place to creative minds. Such views have the potential to fill their minds up with optimistic thoughts and also to photographers. This rail route was laid about 150 years ago by the British rulers. Soon admiring these charming scenes we enter the Kalakund railway station.The locomotive honks make the тАШKalakandтАЩ vendors become active. Kalakand is a famous sweet dish with Kalakund as its origin, it is a fine treat for all the sweet tooths. On the right side, behind the railway station building river choral flows and on the left side, on a hill we have a building for scout guide, locally known as тАШMahalтАЩ. After spending a few hours there, exploring Kalakund we returned home. But that tranquillity had took over my heart. I have fallen in love with that place. Human needs peace from the hectic life and the minds too need peace and such places serve the purpose.

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Bhopal – Nagpur- Raipur – Road Trip Review

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We were on the Ring road, Nagpur at around 12.30 pm and after that we continued towards the NH 6/AH46. We decided to continue without taking hold due to traffic in the city. We just stopped to exchange of driver seat at the outer ring at the start of AH46 where the road sign shows that Raipur is now 275 kms ahead. So now I have the pilot seat in my hands. We continue towards the Raipur on the Nagpur- Durg- Raipur express way. The complete AH 46 is a 4 lane road, but with some traffic. After driving about 70 kms we reached Bhandara at about 2 pm and here we decided to take a halt and have lunch. We found a restaurant just on the highway and also a petrol pump besides it. So this is the best place to have a halt. After having a good lunch at Bhandara and having a tank full of my car, I continue ahead towards the Raipur. The road is excellent with lots of toll plaza in between we paid around Rs. 250 as a total toll from Weinganga Toll plaza to Raipur Toll plaza.

The road from Bhilai is with lots of traffic and from here I found the name expressway and paying toll as an injustice to the travelers. ┬аBut still after a lot of hustle and bustle we reached Pandri Raipur same day and we notice the time is 6.25 while entering the Raipur from Tatibandh Square and covered the distance from Tatibandh Square Raipur to Pandri Raipur (9.7 kms) takes 45 minutes and finally reached our hotel in pandri Raipur at 7.10 pm. Thanks to the congested and traffic with no traffic sense peoples of Raipur. Now I have to complete the official and the important tasks for which we have travelled Raipur.

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Outstanding Orchha

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Orchha is breathtakingly beautiful. Regal on appearance and serene in ambiance. Apart from Jehangir Mahal, the Raja Mahal, Rani Ki Mahal, Rai Praveen Mahal and Sheesh Mahal adorn the dusty hill tops of Orchha. The last named has been converted into a heritage hotel by M.P. tourism with limited accommodation and unlimited scope for improvement in maintenance. There is an interesting anecdote about the Rai Praveen Mahal. Rai Praveen was a courtesan and an accomplished poetess in the Orchha kingdom. For her legendary beauty, she was once sent to the тАЬHaremтАЭ of Emperor Akbar against her wishes, as she was deeply in love with Raja Indramani of Orchha. On a face to face meeting with the great Emperor in the Mughal court, she recited one of her poem telling that only тАЬa crow and a dog eat off the used plate of anotherтАЭ. Akbar was too smart and generous to understand the subtle hint and immediately ordered Rai PraveenтАЩs return to Orchha in full honour. All other palaces have their attendant history as well.

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Sanchi тАУ of Serene and Secluded Stups

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After wandering around the hill, you are drawn back to the crown jewel that is the Stup 1. The four magnificent gateways with their exquisite carvings are the main attraction of Sanchi and its trademark. The stup was embellished with the eye-popping carved torans in the 1st century BC by the Satavahans. Satavahans were the right people with the right credentials for the job. They gave us the glorious Ajanta temples. You are just relieved that the torans have survived for over two thousand years in almost pristine condition. Of course credit goes to Cunningham and Marshall for the restoration efforts.

The four gateways are installed at four cardinal directions of the stup. They have a common design тАУ two square pillars with capitals and surmounted by three parallel architraves. All sides of the columns and the rear and front of the architraves are profusely carved. You could mistake the carved panels for wood or ivory. A lot of carving is overlapping and would require highly skilled workers. Reportedly, the workers were ivory carvers of Vidisha.

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рдЧреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдпрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдШреБрдордХреНрдХрдбрд╝реА – рдЧреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдпрд░ рдХрд╛ рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛

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рдХреБрдЫ рдХрджрдо рдЖрдЧреЗ рдмрдврд╝рддрд╛ рд╣реВрдБ рддреЛ рджреЗрдЦрддрд╛ рд╣реВрдБ рдХрд┐ рдХрд┐рд▓реЗ рдХреА рддрд░рдл рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдкрддрд▓реА рд╕реА рд╕рдбрд╝рдХ рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рддрд░рдл, рдкрддреНрдерд░ рдХреА рдЪрдЯреНрдЯрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдХрд╛рдЯ рдХрд░ рдЬреИрди рд╕рдореБрджрд╛рдп рдХреЗ рддреАрд░реНрдердХрд░реЛрдВ рдХрд┐ рдореВрд░реНрддрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдмрдирд╛рдИ рдЧрдИрдВ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрдирдореЗ рд╕реЗ рдХрдИ рдореВрд░реНрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рднрдЧреНрди рдЕрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдереАрдВ рдЬрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЗ рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдХрд┐рд▓реЗ рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рдЬрдп рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдордж -рдорд╕реНрдд рдореБрд╕реНрд▓рд┐рдо рдЖрдХреНрд░рд╛рдиреНрддрд╛рдУ рдиреЗ рдЗрд╕ рдЕрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрд╛рдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдпрд╣ рдмрд╣реБрдд рд╣реА рдХрд╖реНрдЯрдкреНрд░рдж рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЗрд╕реНрд▓рд╛рдо рдХреЛ рдорд╛рдирдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдЕрд╡рд┐рд╡реЗрдХ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╡рд┐рдЬрдпреА рджрдВрдн рдХреЛ рд╡рд╣ рдЗрди рдкрддреНрдерд░реЛ рдкрд░ рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрддреЗ рд╣реИред рдПрдХ рддрд░рдл рддреЛ рдпрд╣ рдореБрдЧрд╝рд▓ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЖрдк рдХреЛ рдХрд▓рд╛ рдкреНрд░реЗрдореА рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдЪреЗрд╖реНрдЯрд╛ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рджреВрд╕рд░реА рддрд░рдл рдЪрдЯреНрдЯрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдХреА рдЧрдИ рдЗрди рдХрд▓рд╛рдХреГрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдирд╖реНрдЯ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдордВрдЧрд▓рд╡рд╛рд░ рдХрд╛ рджрд┐рди рдерд╛ рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрд╣реБрдд рдХрдо рд▓реЛрдЧ рд╣реА рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛ рдШреВрдордиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗред рдЫреБрдЯреНрдЯреА рдХрд╛ рджрд┐рди рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рддреЛ рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдкрд░ рднреАрдбрд╝ рджреЗрдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рдорд┐рд▓рддреАред рд╡рд╣ рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдпреБрд╡рдХ-рдпреБрд╡рддреА рдореБрдЭреЗ рд░рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╛ рдмрддрд╛ рдХрд░ рддреЗрдЬреА рд╕реЗ рдЖрдЧреЗ рдмрдврд╝ рдЧрдПред рдореЗрд░реЗ рдкреАрдЫреЗ рдПрдХ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢реА рдпреБрд╡рддреА рднреА рдЪрдЯреНрдЯрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдХрд╛рдЯрдХрд░ рдмрдирд╛рдпреЗ рдЧрдП рдЗрди рдЬреИрди рддреАрд░реНрдердХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрддреА рд╣реБрдИ рдЖ рд░рд╣реА рдереАред рдореИ рдзреАрд░реЗ – рдзреАрд░реЗ рдЪрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдкрд░ рдЪрдврд╝рддрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рдЖрдЧреЗ рдмрдврд╝ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ рдкрд░ рдореБрдЭреЗ рджреВрд░ – рджреВрд░ рддрдХ рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛ рдХрд╣реА рдирд╣реАрдВ рджрд┐рдЦ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЗрддрдиреА рдЪрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдЪрдврд╝рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдорди рд╣реА рд╕реЛрдВрдЪ рд░рд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЗрддрдиреА рдЪрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдкрд░ рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрднрд┐рдкреНрд░рд╛рдп рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдпрд╣реА рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЬрд▓реНрджреА рддреЛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рджреБрд╢реНрдорди рдХреА рд╣рд┐рдореНрдордд рд╣реА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реЛрдЧреА рдЗрддрдиреА рдЪрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдкрд░ рдЪрдврд╝ рдХрд░ рд╣рдорд▓рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдФрд░ рдЕрдЧрд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рднреА рддреЛ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рд╣реА рдЙрд╕рдХреА рд╕реЗрдирд╛ рдЗрддрдиреА рдкрд╕реНрдд рд╣реЛ рдЪреБрдХреА рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЬреАрдд рдХреА рдмрд╣реБрдд рдХрдо рд╣реА рдЧреБрдВрдЬрд╛рдЗрд╢ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реЛрдЧреАред рджреЛ – рддреАрди рд╕реМ рдЧрдЬ рдпрд╛ рдХреБрдЫ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдХреА рдЪрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдЪрдврд╝рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдПрдХ рдФрд░ рдЧреЗрдЯ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рдИ рдкрдбрд╝рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдХрд┐рд▓реЗ рдХреЗ рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рдЧреЗрдЯ рд╕реЗ рдХрд░реАрдм 200 рдЧрдЬ рдЖрдЧреЗ рдЖрдиреЗ рдкрд░ рдЪрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдЦрд╝рддреНрдо рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИред рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдкрд░ рднреА рдПрдХ рдЧрд╛рд░реНрдб рд░реВрдо рд╣реИред рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдЗрд╡реЗрдЯ рдЯреИрдХреНрд╕реА рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдмреИрдард╛ рдерд╛ред рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛ рдФрд░ рдХрд┐рд▓реЗ рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдЖрд╕ – рдкрд╛рд╕ рдХреА рдЬрдЧрд╣ рдШреБрдорд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЗрд╕рдиреЗ 250 рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ рдорд╛рдВрдЧреЗред рдЗрддрдиреА рдЪрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдЪрдврд╝рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдЕрдм рдФрд░ рдЖрдЧреЗ рдЪрд▓рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╣рд┐рдореНрдордд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛ рд░рд╣реА рдереАред рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдкреАрдЫреЗ рднреА рдХреБрдЫ рдПрдХ рд▓реЛрдЧ рдЖ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЙрдирд╕реЗ рдкреВрдЫ рд▓реЛ рдЕрдЧрд░ рд╡рд╣ рд▓реЛрдЧ рдЪрд▓реЗ рдЪрд▓реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рддреЛ рд╣рдо рд▓реЛрдЧ рдЖрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рд╢реЗрдпрд░ рдХрд░ рд▓реЗрдВрдЧреЗ ред рддрднреА рд╡рд╣ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢реА рдпреБрд╡рддреА рднреА рдЖ рдЧрдИредрдбреНрд░рд╛рдЗрд╡рд░ рдиреЗ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдЬрд╛рдХрд░ рд╢реЗрдпрд░ рдЯреИрдХреНрд╕реА рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдпреЗ рдкрд░ рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд╣рд╛ рдкрд░ рд╡рд╣ рдЙрд╕рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд рдареАрдХ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдордЭреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рддрдм рдореИрдВрдиреЗ рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЕрдЧрд░ рд╣рдо рд▓реЛрдЧ рдпрд╣ рдЯреИрдХреНрд╕реА рд╢реЗрдпрд░ рдХрд░ рд▓реЗ рддреЛ рд╕рдм рдЬрдЧрд╣ рдШреВрдо рд▓реЗрдВрдЧреЗред рдпрд╣ рдЯреИрдХреНрд╕реА рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ 250 рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ рдорд╛рдВрдЧ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ рдЖрдзреЗ – рдЖрдзреЗ рд╣рдо рд▓реЛрдЧ рджреЗ рджреЗрдВрдЧреЗред рд╡рд╣ рдпреБрд╡рддреА рднреА рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдердХ рдЧрдИ рдереА , рд╡рд╣ рд░рд╛рдЬреА рд╣реЛ рдЧрдИред

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The Water Symphony

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Omkareshwar , one the 12 revered Shiv temples ( Jyoteerling) is actually on an island called Mandhata in Narmada. On the south bank you will find the Mamaleshwar also among the 12. The town is similar to all temple towns all over India, full of small lanes packed with Pooja shops and hotels, a free passage to all living animals including humans, devotees and pestering priests and in addition there were flocks of flies as the monsoon special. Omkareshwar is a modern looking temple from the outside however we know the place is ancient and there are ornate pillars inside the temples which give a glimpse of the old temple. Everything inside the temple is to ensure that you should not feel peaceful. The ceramic tiles, the water abhishek mechanism where water goes in a tube and then gets poured on the shivlinga, the overbearing crowd of priests offering a menu card of abhishek in various types and costs. The only time you find solace is when you come out and look at the serene Narmada. That is the real тАШDarshanтАЩ for me.

Mamaleshwar on the other bank is visible from this side with its ornate high shikhar and a red flag fluttering to show the location amongst the crowd of several other small temples and houses. All built in red sandstone, Mamaleshwar has that special quality of providing a devotional experience to the visitor. The temple is typical Nagar style with up-swinging Shikhar. There are many small and medium temple structures in the clean premise. The elaborate door frames and beautiful sculptures on the outer walls of temples are worth a watch. In the premise, we also find several pieces of temple structure strewn away. A lone тАШamalakтАЩ the round top of the shikhar, some carvings and тАШchandrasheelaтАЩ тАУ an ornate step to get into the Garbhagriha are all there stashed away, silently suffering the passage of time.

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рдЬрдВрддрд░ рдордВрддрд░ / рд╡реЗрдзрд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЙрдЬреНрдЬреИрди – (рднрд╛рдЧ 10)

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рдорд╣рд╛рдХрд╛рд▓ рдХреЗ рджрд░реНрд╢рдиреЛ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рд╣рдо рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдирд╛рд╢реНрддрд╛ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдирд╛рд╢реНрддреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рд╣рдордиреЗ рдПрдХ рдРрд╕реЗ рдСрдЯреЛ рдХрд┐ рддрд▓рд╛рд╢ рд╢реБрд░реВ рдХрд┐ рдЬреЛ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдВрддрд░ рдордВрддрд░ , рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рд╡реЗрдзрд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛ рднреА рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ , рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рдПред рд╣рдорд╛рд░реА рдЧрд╛рдбреА рдХрд╛ рд╕рдордп рджреЛрдкрд╣рд░ рдХрд╛ рдерд╛ рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдореЗ рдЕрднреА рдХрд╛рдлреА рд╕рдордп рдерд╛ рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣рдо рд▓реЛрдЧ рдЬрдВрддрд░ рдордВрддрд░ рдШреВрдордирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддреЗ рдереЗ ред рдЖрдЬ рд░рдВрдЧ рдкрдВрдЪрдореА рдХрд╛ рджрд┐рди рдерд╛ рдФрд░ рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдХрд╛рдлреА рдзреВрдо рдзрд╛рдо рдереАред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдЙрддрд░ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрд▓реА рдордирд╛рдИ рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ рд╡реИрд╕реЗ рд╣реА рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рд░рдВрдЧ рдкрдВрдЪрдореАред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛рддрд░ рджреБрдХрд╛рдиреЗ рдмрдВрдж рдереА рдФрд░ рдЬреЛ рдЦреБрд▓реА рдереА рд╡реЛ рднреА рд╕рд┐рд░реНрдл рдХреБрдЫ рдШрдВрдЯреЛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдПред рдЖрдЬ рд░рдВрдЧ рдкрдВрдЪрдореА рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдСрдЯреЛ рднреА рдХрд╛рдлреА рдХрдо рдереЗред рдЬреЛ рдереЗ рд╡реЛ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдкреИрд╕реЗ рдорд╛рдВрдЧ рд░рд╣реЗ рдереЗред рдЖрдЦрд┐рд░ рдХреБрдЫ рдореЛрд▓рднрд╛рд╡ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдПрдХ рдСрдЯреЛрд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдВрддрд░ рдордВрддрд░ / рд╡реЗрдзрд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рд░реЗрд▓рд╡реЗ рд╕реНрдЯреЗрд╢рди рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП 150 рд░реБрдкрдпреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорд╛рди рдЧрдпрд╛ред рд╣рдо рдСрдЯреЛ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд░ рд╣реЛ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдирдпреА рдордВрдЬрд┐рд▓ рдЬрдВрддрд░ рдордВрддрд░ / рд╡реЗрдзрд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдХреА рдУрд░ рдЪрд▓ рджрд┐рдП ред
рдСрдЯреЛ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдЬреНрдЬреИрди рдХреА рдХреБрдЫ рд╕реБрдирд╕рд╛рди рд╕рдбрдХреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдШреБрдорд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ 15-20 рдорд┐рдирдЯ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдВрддрд░ рдордВрддрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЖрдпрд╛ред рд╕реБрдирд╕рд╛рди рд╕рдбрдХреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдЙрджреЗрд╢реНрдп рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рд╡ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдирдП рдСрдЯреЛ рдХреЛ рд░рдВрдЧ рд╕реЗ рдмрдЪрд╛рдирд╛ рдерд╛ред рд╣рдо рдЙрд╕реЗ рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ рдкреНрд░рддреАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЛ рдХрд╣ рдЬрдВрддрд░ рдордВрддрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХрд░ рдЧрдПред рдпрд╣ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдорд╣рд╛рдХрд╛рд▓реЗрд╢реНрд╡рд░ рд╕реЗ 3 рдХрд┐рд▓реЛрдореАрдЯрд░ рдХреА рджреБрд░реА рдкрд░ рдЪрд┐рдВрддрд╛рдорди рд░реЛрдб рдкрд░ рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рд╣реИ рдЬрд╣рд╛рдБ рд╕реЗ рд░реЗрд▓рд╡реЗ рд╕реНрдЯреЗрд╢рди рдХреА рджреБрд░реА рдорд╛рддреНрд░ 2 рдХрд┐рд▓реЛрдореАрдЯрд░ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ 10 рд░реВрдкрдпреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рд╢реБрд▓реНрдХ рд╣реИред рдЬрдм рд╣рдо рд╡рд╣рд╛рдБ рдкрд╣реБрдВрдЪреЗ рддреЛ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛ рд╡рд╣рд╛рдБ рдХреЛрдИ рднреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдерд╛ред рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдЬрд╛рдХрд░ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ рддреЛ рдПрдХ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдирдЬрд░ рдЖрдпрд╛ рдЬреЛ рд╡рд╣рд╛рдБ рдХрд╛ рдХреЗрдЕрд░ рдЯреЗрдХрд░ рдерд╛ ред рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ рдЖрдХрд░ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдЯрд┐рдХрдЯ рджрд┐рдП рдФрд░ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рд╕реА рдлрд╝реАрд╕ рдкрд░ рдЦреБрдж рд╣реА рдЧрд╛рдЗрдб рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛ред рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ рд╣рд░ рдпрдВрддреНрд░ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдмрддрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗ рд╕реЗ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдереЛрдбрд╛ рд╕рд╛ рд╕рдордЭ рдЖрдпрд╛ рдмрд╛рдХреА рд╕рдм рдХреБрдЫ рд╕рд░ рдХреЗ рдКрдкрд░ рд╕реЗ рдирд┐рдХрд▓ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдереЛрдбрд╝реА рджреЗрд░ рдмрд╛рдж рд╡рд╣рд╛рдБ рдХреБрдЫ рд▓реЛрдЧ рдФрд░ рдЖрдиреЗ рд▓рдЧреЗ рдФрд░ рд╡реЛ рдХреЗрдЕрд░ рдЯреЗрдХрд░ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╡реНрдпрд╕реНрдд рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред

рд╡реЗрдзрд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛, рдЙрдЬреНрдЬреИрди:
рдЙрдЬреНрдЬреИрди рд╢рд╣рд░ рдореЗрдВ рджрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдг рдХреА рдУрд░ рдХреНрд╖рд┐рдкреНрд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рджрд╛рд╣рд┐рдиреА рддрд░рдл рдЬрдпрд╕рд┐рдВрд╣рдкреБрд░ рдирд╛рдордХ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рдмрдирд╛ рдпрд╣ рдкреНрд░реЗрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдЧреГрд╣ “рдЬрдВрддрд░ рдорд╣рд▓’ рдХреЗ рдирд╛рдо рд╕реЗ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕реЗ рдЬрдпрдкреБрд░ рдХреЗ рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдЬрдпрд╕рд┐рдВрд╣ рдиреЗ рд╕рдиреН 1733 рдИ. рдореЗрдВ рдмрдирд╡рд╛рдпрд╛ред рдЙрди рджрд┐рдиреЛрдВ рд╡реЗ рдорд╛рд▓рд╡рд╛ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рди рдирд┐рдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╣реБрдП рдереЗред рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдХрд┐ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдЦрдЧреЛрд▓рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрд░реА рддрдерд╛ рднреВрдЧреЛрд▓рд╡реЗрддреНрддрд╛ рдпрд╣ рдорд╛рдирддреЗ рдЖрдпреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдХрд┐ рджреЗрд╢рд╛рдВрддрд░ рд░реЗрдЦрд╛ рдЙрдЬреНрдЬреИрди рд╕реЗ рд╣реЛрдХрд░ рдЧреБрдЬрд░рддреА рд╣реИред рдЕрддрдГ рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░реЗрдХреНрд╖рд╛рдЧреГрд╣ рдХрд╛ рднреА рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред
рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдкрд╛рдВрдЪ рдпрдВрддреНрд░ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпреЗ рдЧрдпреЗ рд╣реИрдВ — рд╕рдореНрд░рд╛рдЯ рдпрдВрддреНрд░, рдирд╛рдбреА рд╡рд▓рдп рдпрдВрддреНрд░, рджрд┐рдЧрдВрд╢ рдпрдВрддреНрд░, рднрд┐рддреНрддрд┐ рдпрдВрддреНрд░ рдПрд╡рдВ рд╢рдВрдХреБ рдпрдВрддреНрд░ рд╣реИред рдЗрди рдпрдВрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдиреН 1925 рдореЗрдВ рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдорд╛рдзрд╡рд░рд╛рд╡ рд╕рд┐рдВрдзрд┐рдпрд╛ рдиреЗ рдорд░рдореНрдордд рдХрд░рд╡рд╛рдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред

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рдорд╣рд╛рдХрд╛рд▓реЗрд╢реНрд╡рд░ рджрд░реНрд╢рди рд╡ рдкреБрди: рджрд░реНрд╢рди (рднрд╛рдЧ 9)

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рдорд╣рд╛рдХрд╛рд▓реЗрд╢реНрд╡рд░ рдордВрджрд┐рд░ рдПрдХ рдкрд░рдХреЛрдЯреЗ рдХреЗ рднреАрддрд░ рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рд╣реИред рдЧрд░реНрднрдЧреГрд╣ рддрдХ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рд╕реАрдврд╝реАрджрд╛рд░ рд░рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдареАрдХ рдЙрдкрд░ рдПрдХ рджреВрд╕рд░рд╛ рдХрдХреНрд╖ рд╣реИ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗрдВ рдУрдВрдХрд╛рд░реЗрд╢реНрд╡рд░ рд╢рд┐рд╡рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрд┐рдд рд╣реИред рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд┐рд╡рд░рд╛рддреНрд░рд┐ рдПрд╡рдВ рд╢реНрд░рд╛рд╡рдг рдорд╛рд╕ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд░ рд╕реЛрдорд╡рд╛рд░ рдХреЛ рдЗрд╕ рдордВрджрд┐рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдкрд╛рд░ рднреАрдбрд╝ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред рдордВрджрд┐рд░ рд╕реЗ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рдПрдХ рдЫреЛрдЯрд╛-рд╕рд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд рд╣реИ рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рдХреЛрдЯрд┐рддреАрд░реНрде рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдРрд╕реА рдорд╛рдиреНрдпрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЗрд▓реНрддреБрддреНрдорд┐рд╢ рдиреЗ рдЬрдм рдордВрджрд┐рд░ рдХреЛ рддреБрдбрд╝рд╡рд╛рдпрд╛ рддреЛ рд╢рд┐рд╡рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ рдХреЛ рдЗрд╕реА рдХреЛрдЯрд┐рддреАрд░реНрде рдореЗрдВ рдлрд┐рдХрд╡рд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред

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рдЙрдЬреНрдЬреИрди рджрд░реНрд╢рди: рд╢реНрд░реА рд╕рд┐рджреНрдзрд╡рдЯ рдордВрджрд┐рд░, рдордВрдЧрд▓рдирд╛рде рдордВрджрд┐рд░ рдФрд░ рд╕рд╛рдиреНрджреАрдкрдирд┐ рдЖрд╢реНрд░рдо (рднрд╛рдЧ 8)

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рд╕рдВрджреАрдкрдиреА рдЖрд╢реНрд░рдо рдкрд░рд┐рд╕рд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рд╢реНрд░реА рд╕рд░реНрд╡реЗрд╢реНрд╡рд░ рдорд╣рд╛рджреЗрд╡ рдордВрджрд┐рд░ рдореЗрдВ 6000 рд╡рд░реНрд╖ рдкреБрд░рд╛рдирд╛ рд╢рд┐рд╡рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрд┐рдд рд╣реИ ред рдРрд╕рд╛ рдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЗрд╕реЗ рдорд╣рд░реНрд╖рд┐рд╕рдВрджреАрдкрдиреА рдиреЗ рдмрд┐рд▓реНрд╡ рдкрддреНрд░ рд╕реЗ рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЗрд╕ рд╢рд┐рд╡рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ рдХреА рдЬрд▓рд╛рдзрд╛рд░реА рдореЗрдВ рдкрддреНрдерд░ рдХреЗ рд╢реЗрд╖рдирд╛рдЧ рдХреЗ рджрд░реНрд╢рди рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬреЛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдпрдГ рдкреБрд░реЗ рднрд╛рд░рдд рд╡рд░реНрд╖ рдореЗрдВрджреБрд░реНрд▓рдн рд╣реИред рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рдВрд╢ рдордВрджрд┐рд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдирдВрджреА рдХреА рдореВрд░реНрддрд┐ рдмреИрдареА рд╣реБрдИ рдЕрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реА рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕ рд╢рд┐рд╡рд▓рд┐рдВрдЧ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗ, рдордВрджрд┐рд░ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ рдЦрдбрд╝реЗ рд╣реБрдП рдирдВрджреА рдХреА рдПрдХ рдЫреЛрдЯреА рд╕реА рджреБрд░реНрд▓рдн рдореВрд░реНрддрд┐ рд╣реИред

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